NASHVILLE, Tenn. -- When Jerry Tseng left the Driver License Station recently, he was the possessor of a new, and puzzling, form of identification.
Tennessee's "certificate for driving," which identifies its holder as a non-U.S. citizen, resembles a driver's license in some ways. Printed on it is a photograph of Tseng, a Singaporean citizen studying at Vanderbilt University on a student visa.
But the card is more remarkable for a function it does not perform: Below the state flag are the words "For driving purposes only -- not valid for identification."
The purple card represents Tennessee's effort to solve a problem that has troubled many states. Faced with huge numbers of illegal immigrants driving the nation's highways, legislators have searched for a way to license and insure them -- without granting them a state-issued driver's license.
Tennessee's answer is the certificate for driving, which is being distributed to drivers who are neither U.S. citizens nor permanent legal residents in the United States. Legal immigrants on temporary student and work visas will receive the certificate as will illegal immigrants.
But nearly a month after Tennessee began distributing the new card, few people are cheering the compromise. Advocates for immigrants contend that the certificates mark its holders as inferior in the eyes of the state; anti-immigration lawmakers have the opposite view -- that the cards give illegal immigrants legitimacy they should not have.
Card prompts confusion
With about 1,200 of the cards issued, many Tennesseans are confused: Will the card be of use when cashing a check, or renting a video, or renting a car? When a police officer pulls a driver over and is shown the driving certificate, can he arrest the holder for failing to show a proper ID? If the card is not identification, what is it?
"This is a disaster, potentially," said Tyler Moran, an analyst with the National Immigration Law Center, which advocates for the rights of immigrants. "I really think it's created a bit of a mess."
For once, Moran is in agreement with state Rep. Donna Rowland, a conservative Republican from Rutherford County. Rowland said she would "absolutely not" advise other states to follow Tennessee's lead.
"I hope states learn from our mistakes," she said. "The certificate of driving will become exactly what the driver's license has become, which is a de facto national ID."
Tennessee had been issuing driver's licenses to illegal immigrants for two years when Gov. Phil Bredesen took office. Bredesen concluded that the practice was a threat to homeland security and determined to end it. In today's America, a driver's license is "kind of like a passport," allowing its holder to buy guns, board airplanes and open bank accounts, said Bob Corney, Bredesen's communications director.
Not wanting to strip licenses from immigrants who currently hold them, the governor approved a second tier of state licensing, creating the certificate. Bredesen, who considers the new law the strictest in the country, knew he risked displeasing many factions in the immigration debate, Corney said.
Greg Rodriguez, president of the Tennessee Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, said it is too early to know whether the new system will develop into a national model.
The governor deserves credit, he said, for taking on an issue that has paralyzed states including Texas and California for years.
Lawsuit filed
Others soured on the idea early. Two weeks after the new system became law, plaintiff's attorney Jerry Gonzalez filed a class action suit against Bredesen, charging that Tennessee is discriminating against applicants on the basis of immigration status.
Moreover, Gonzalez argues, the new law has forced low-level bureaucrats to enforce federal immigration laws -- something they are not properly trained to do. His complaint details occasions when clerks seized applicants' passports, giving no receipt and no explanation. Another clerk told one of Gonzalez's clients that Puerto Rico is not part of the United States and seized her Social Security card and birth certificate, claiming they were fraudulent, the lawsuit claims.
Beth Denton, a spokeswoman for the Tennessee Department of Public Safety, said she could not comment on the allegations because of the pending litigation, but that the transition was proceeding smoothly.
"Our primary concern is to know that person has passed the rules of the road and we feel comfortable" granting them a license, she said.
ID accepted
Tseng, 26, picked up his driver's certificate the second week of July, and found it was accepted as identification at local bars and a car rental agency. But he carries around a Singaporean identification card at all times now, just in case.
Mexican immigrants interviewed shrugged when asked whether they would seek the certificates, wondering what use it would be -- aside from marking them as illegal.
Ramon Curiel, who was working a cash register at Supermercado La Reyna, said he saw no problem with the old policy of issuing driver's licenses to residents regardless of their immigration status. Tennesseans, he fears, are rolling up the welcome mat.
"People want Nashville to be one of the big cities of the U.S., that's the reason they need Latin people," said Curiel, 49.
At building sites around Nashville, "I see the American people walking with cell phones," he said. "But the people who poured the foundation, they're our customers. The people who lay the carpets, paint the houses, they're our customers."